2003The EPA removes 917 acres of RMA land from the National Priorities List. 1943RMA employees work around the clock to manufacture mustard gas, Lewisite, chlorine gas and incendiary weapons. 2010All surface environmental cleanup work concludes. A. Dietrich f. h,_ During the 1968 pumping tests at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal disposal well, the U.S. Geological Survey was responsible for moni wring earthquakes occurring in the area of the arsenal ami making chemical analysis of the fluids removed. Fish and Wildlife Service to establish a field office at the RMA to help manage the abundant wildlife. The Colorado Sun is a journalist-owned, award-winning news outlet based in Denver that strives to cover all of Colorado so that our state our community can better understand itself. Researchers have not examined the health risks to wildlife at the cleaned-up refuges as extensively as the potential danger to humans, but few problems have been reported. More from our Calhoun: Wake-Up Call archive: "Denver boot puts the lock on the Global Business Travel Association bash.". In 1984, the Army began a systematic investigation of site contamination in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), commonly referred to as Superfund. The organic content of the solution was high but is largely unknown. (1 of 9) SITE HISTORY - Rocky Mountain Arsenal was listed on the NPL in 1987. There are many studies that try to estimate the total costs due to contamination of pesticides in U.S. as well as in other countries; however, indirect costs are difficult to estimate, but likely several times than total direct environmental and social costs. Additionally, ordnance (including incendiary munitions) was manufactured and tested, and asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used at RMA. MORE: Federal prosecutors say they cant find files on investigation into Rocky Flats nuclear arms plant. Rocky Mountain National Park Tour from Denver 49 Recommended Full-day Tours from $195.00 per adult Private Rocky Mountain National Park from Denver and Boulder 49 Recommended Full-day Tours from $849.00 per group (up to 5) Hiking Adventure in Rocky Mountain National Park from Denver 265 Recommended Full-day Tours from $139.00 per adult But parts of the refuge remain off-limits, including specially designed landfills where the Army disposed of contaminated soil. However, the Army estimates that the waste was a more dilute version of the Basin F liquid which is now being incinerated. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act was passed in October 1992 and signed by President George H. W. Bush. Parts of a C-shaped buffer zone around the perimeter are open to visitors asHanford Reach National Monument. Air monitoring surveillance continued until the end of July 2009. (6 of 9), TOURISM - Nearly 500,000 people annually visit the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge where they can see more than 330 species of animals including bison, deer, bald eagles and black-footed ferrets. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. These restrictions must remain in place unless future sampling and scientific investigation determine they can be safely removed. By year end, the United States has out-produced the Axis Powers by 150 percent. The Colorado departments Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division filed the lawsuit Monday in U.S. District Court in Denver to force the Army to comply with standards set by the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). RMA contained a deep injection well that was constructed in 1961. Estimating exact direct and indirect impact of the contamination is very challenging as the cleaning and monitoring costs are complex. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has been transformed from a 17,000+ acre facility used for weapons and chemical manufacturing into a beautiful nature sanctuary. How? [20] In the case of Rocky Mountain Arsenal, total indirect cost was not estimated at all. In 1942, the US Army acquired 19,915 acres (80.59km2) of land on which to manufacture weapons in support of World War II military activities at a cost of $62,415,000. If you have additional questions, please call 303.289.0300. Fish and Wildlife Service andShell Oil Company. Fish and Wildlife Service. They have been left in place to excavate, so they have been left in place. In 2004, 5000 acres along the perimeter of the site were deleted from the National Priorities List of Superfund sites to establish the National Wildlife Refuge. They would be worse if they were surrounded by a fence and left off-limits for decades and decades, said David Havlick, a professor at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs who studies military-to-wildlife conversions. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Shell Oil for failure to obtain a proper-post closure permit for Basin F, a section of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Because of the Superfund site status and the dramatic cleanups, many residents in neighborhoods surrounding the RMA voiced concern about ongoing health risks of living within the close vicinity of the site. The Colorado School of Mines rated this shock magnitude 5.0. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was created out of farmland on the eastern edge of metro Denver during World War II to arm the U.S. Army. If agency officials believed the sites were unsafe for the public, he said, they would not work there. The final step was adding Bentonite, a heavy clay mud that later solidified, to close the rest of the hole up to the ground surface. Since 1985, the mission at RMA has been the remediation of the site. For questions about Refuge programs and conservation efforts, please contact the U.S. Known today as an urban national wildlife refuge, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal is one of the most studied environmental cleanup sites in the country. 2004After the EPA certifies that cleanup actions are complete, the U.S. Department of Defense transfers 5,000 acres of RMA land to the U.S. Department of the Interior to officially establish the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. Drop us a note at tips@coloradosun.com. The well remained unused for nearly 20 years. No significant increase was observed in congenital anomalies during the clean-up period compared to pre-clean up, although there are no baseline data prior to initial contamination events because data was not yet being collected and the population was very different at that time. Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Get to know all 17 Denver mayor candidates , Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, Colorado health department lawsuit says, Feds sue water company for rupture damaging Rocky Mountain National Park again. Photo source:CBS Denver 1943From 1943 to 1946, the Rose Hill Prisoners of War Camp houses captured German soldiers at the RMA. [18] While it is difficult to capture the societal cost to clean up the site, the list of actions dealing with groundwater contamination listed by Mears and Heise include: Direct economic totals add up to approximately $111 million and this estimation does not include operation and maintenance costs. Most of the land areas now belong to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service inventoried more than 330 species of wildlife that inhabit the Arsenal including deer, coyotes, white pelicans and owls. They awakened many residents, but were not widely felt. A medical monitoring program to monitor the success of exposure prevention efforts during the environmental cleanup. Further testing revealed that the containment issue is an ongoing problem, the lawsuit says. Both those cases are pending in federal court. But forty years ago, a series of quakes rocked the Denver area -- quakes caused not by Mother Nature, but by Uncle Sam. [3] After the bald eagles were captured, tested, and found to be healthy, the National Wildlife Federation worked with policymakers to transition RMA to a wildlife refuge. In April 2007 Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a soccer-specific stadium, was opened on part of the former Rocky Mountain Arsenal land that was transferred to Commerce City. Statistically significant findings (p<0.01) of this study included demographic differences in the mothers as follows: median age 24, compared to 27 years of age in Colorado as a whole, higher percent of mothers who were white/Hispanic and black, mean education level of 11.8 years compared to 13.1 years in Colorado as a whole, fewer mothers who were married, and fewer prenatal visits on average. Two early morning shocks occurred November 14. The Army told the Nuclear Regulatory Commission it could cost $3.2 billion to clean the area for unrestricted use. Last Conditions Report for Rocky Mountain Arsenal: 11.15.21. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was created out of farmland on the eastern edge of metro Denver during World War II to arm the U.S. Army. Additionally, studies performed at Colorado State University found no increased risk of Arsenic, Mercury, or neurotoxicity in communities within 15 miles of the RMA.[16][17]. [6][7] But the cost of the conversions is staggering, and some critics say the sites have not been scrubbed well enough of pollutants to make them safe for humans. The location was ideal, not only because of the proximity to the airport, but because of the geographic features of the site, it was less likely to be attacked. In 1996, after a lengthy process in which site investigations were conducted and completed, an approach to remedy the chemical contamination at the Arsenal was set forth by the US Army. As cleanup actions were successfully completed, the U.S. Army transferred land to the U.S. Further, there have been damages to the rural areas due to contamination resulting in livestock losses, and crop losses. Many of the conversions came after the first and second world wars. In this study, baseline birth defects were estimated from the time period 19891997, which was the point at which the clean-up began, and inclusion criteria included mother's address at the time of birth being within the geographical study area. Colorado health officials contendthat Shells trenches and slurry walls have not prevented pesticides and other dangerous chemicals from leaching into the groundwater. Fish and Wildlife Service at 303.289.0930, or visit the Refuge online. Hanford where the cleanup has already cost at least $48 billion and hundreds of billions more are projected may be the most troubled refuge of all. 1943RMA employees work around the clock to manufacture mustard gas, Lewisite, chlorine gas and incendiary weapons. OVERVIEW - Just 10 miles northeast of Denver, Colorado lies one of the largest urban wildlife refuges in the country, an area that only 30 years ago was listed on the Superfund National Priorities List due to being contaminated by over 600 chemicals. Early 1980sAll production at the RMA ceases, and the mission shifts to environmental remediation and restoration. The site was operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992. Fish and Wildlife Service that at least 20,000 ducks died in a 10-year span during the 1970s. In 1942, during World War II, the U.S. Army bought 17,000 acres of farmland outside of Denver to develop chemical weapons to be used as a war deterrent. Rocky Mountain Arsenal, among other post-military sites, was a top priority, establishing RMA as a superfund site. Access a text only version of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Site Spotlight. Madison, the Fish and Wildlife Service historian, said the refuges are salvaging something valuable from ecological devastation. There is an 11-mile motor tour that takes you through the preserve. EPA and the State concurred with the approach. Get the latest updates in news, food, music and culture, and receive special offers direct to your inbox. Waste that was left in place is now interred beneath largeengineered covers that prevent intrusion by humans or animals,and also preventfurther contamination of groundwater. Birth defects included in the analysis were: "total congenital anomalies, major congenital anomalies, heart defects, muscle and skeletal defects, and kidney and bladder defects," and these categories were inconsistent in reporting accuracy. (credit: Rocky Mountain Arsenal/Twitter) That section borders 56th Avenue at the Gateway and Montbello neighborhoods. That rankles Tim Maloney, a senior policy director for the Hoosier Environmental Council. 1952Shell Chemical Co. purchases Julius Hyman and Company and continues to manufacture agricultural chemicals at the RMA until 1982. Replacement water for South Adams County Water and Sanitation District. The U.S. Army has begun removing Building 130, which is located northeast of the Refuge Visitors Center. 1999The RMA becomes the first environmental cleanup site in the nation to receive the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) highest workplace safety award. 1989The U.S. The Army replied by indicating federal authorities should regulate the arsenal superfund site through the CERCLA, and not state environmental authorities. Restrictions on well water use, residential development, consumption of fish and game from the arsenal, and agricultural use of the arsenal will exist in perpetuity until further scientific research is completed at the site. Groundwater treatment will continue until all water leaving the site meets state and federal standards. In September 2017, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment sued the U.S. Army, U.S. Mitchell first started writing the Cold Case blog in Fall 2007, in part because Colorado has more than 1,400 unsolved homicides. To read the report, click here. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The magnitude 5.2 event caused widespread minor damage in the suburban areas of northeast Denver. In summary, there is no current evidence of health effects. Despite the complicated and expensive cleanups, significant contamination has been left behind, some experts say. At least 30 of the 560-plusrefugesmanaged by the wildlife service have some history with the military or weapons production, the AP found. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was placed on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites in July 1987. [13], As part of the clean up of the RMA, much of the soil, up to 10 feet below the surface was removed from the site. He began working at the newspaper in 1998, after writing for newspapers in Mesa, Ariz., and Twin Falls, Idaho, and The Associated Press in Salt Lake City. During removal of contaminated soil and construction of the remedy containment structures, air monitoring was conducted at multiple sites in the Arsenals interior and fence line, and several sites in the surrounding communities. Annual Highlights from Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Rocky Mountain Arsenal has recently published its annual community report. Fish and Wildlife Service establishes a field office at the RMA to manage bald eagles and other wildlife. The Army and Shell Oil Co. began conducting detailed site investigations in the 1970s to define the extent of contamination. Rocky Flats historical public exposure studies, Final Consent Decree between the United States and the State of Colorado, Final Consent Decree between Shell Oil Company and the State of Colorado, Colorado Attorney General's Colorado Natural Resources Trustees website, Colorado environmental health site assessment. Most handled conventional weapons, not nuclear or chemical. 1950North Korea invades South Korea, and the U.S. Army reactivates the RMA to produce chemical weapons and incendiary munitions for the Korean War and Vietnam Conflict. Next, the injection zone at the bottom 70 feet of the well was closed by plugging with cement. The defendants must build a system to actively dewater Shells trenches to prevent the mixing of effluent with groundwater, the lawsuit says. In 1986, it was discovered that the absence of human activity had made the area an involuntary park when a winter communal roost of bald eagles, then an endangered species, was discovered on site. The waste from the pre-treatment plant was generally a solution containing 13,000 parts per million sodium chloride (salt), with a pH ranging from 3.5 to 11.5. The site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL), a list of the most contaminated areas in the United States. The JARDF is located at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 7270 Kingston Parkway, Building 129, Commerce City, CO 80022-1749. Several were felt, but none caused damage until the window breaker that surprised Dupont and Irondale on the night of December 4. Trace amounts of the chemical 1,4-dioxane has been found in some samples of drinking water. [14] The following data were derived from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Medical Monitoring Program Surveillance for Birth Defects Compendium prepared by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment and published in February 2010. A similar shock, magnitude 4.1, centered in the Denver area November 15. In addition to the containment structures, the agreed-upon remedy directs that the entire area is subject to restrictions on land use in perpetuity, including residential development, agricultural use, any potable use of the groundwater, and any consumption of fish or game from the Arsenal. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was placed on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites in July 1987. Converting a heavily polluted weapons complex into a wildlife refuge is cheaper than making it safe for homes, schools and businesses, said Adam Rome, who teaches environmental history at the State University of New York at Buffalo. When the Cold War ended in the 1980s, more surplus military lands were earmarked for refuges. 1962Treated liquid waste is injected into a deep well located more than 12,000 feet below the ground surface. Today, it is considered a hazardous waste site according to the Colorado Department of Public and Environmental Health. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has been transformed from a 17,000+ acre facility used for weapons and chemical manufacturing into a beautiful nature sanctuary. Many mammals and birds were found dead and may have suffered lower reproduction rates or birth defects.[11]. "They have a very distinctive emerald green eye shine. Join the Westword community and help support A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Coinciding with these activities, from 1946 to 1982, the Army leased RMA facilities to private industries for the production of pesticides. The magnitude 5.3 tremor caused the most serious damage at Northglenn, where concrete pillar supports to a church roof were weakened, and 20 windows were broken. [3] One of the goals of the MMP was to enhance community assurance that the clean-up was effective, and it included air quality monitoring, cancer surveillance, and birth defects surveillance. In some cases, they could have conceivably made the site into something that was economically valuable, but that would have cost more, Rome said. (8 of 9), "The Refuge and adjacent property represent a public-private partnership done right," said Mayor Sean Ford. A monitoring program was developed to monitor the success of exposure prevention efforts during the environmental cleanup at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. This public availability will be implemented while simultaneously supporting the remediation effort and the USFWS activities. These monitors tested the air for several decades during the cleanup and showed the cleanup was protective of public health. Weapons manufactured at RMA included both conventional and chemical munitions, including white phosphorus (M34 grenade), napalm, mustard gas, lewisite, and chlorine gas. Opinion: Colorado farms going fallow? Photos source: US Fish and Wildlife Service Eating fish and game from the refuge is forbidden. 1941Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the United States enters World War II. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II, the U.S. Army began looking for land to create a chemical manufacturing center. While the framework for the comprehensive environmental cleanup was being developed, work crews discovered a pair of roosting bald eagles at the site, which prompted the U.S. The contaminated groundwater that still exists in and around RMA continues to be actively monitored. Organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, agent degradation products and manufacturing by-products, and chlorinated and aromatic solvents are getting into groundwater in unsafe levels, it says. The site was placed in 1987 on the EPAs National Priorities List, which is also known as the Superfund list. Already since 1995, the buildings became the seat of the National Eagle Repository, an office of the Fish and Wildlife Service that receives the bodies of all dead Golden and Bald Eagles in the nation and provides feathers and other parts to Native Americans for cultural uses. Kirk Mitchell is a general assignment reporter at The Denver Post who focuses on criminal justice stories. (9 of 9). First, the well casing was tested to evaluate its integrity. Further, in 1961, the Army constructed a 12,000-foot deep injection well for the disposal of wastes. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal, located ten minutes outside of downtown Denver, Colorado, offers one of the most unique urban wildlife refuges in the country. In the early 1960s, the U.S. Army began to lease out its facilities to private companies to manufacture pesticides. 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