People dont go to the stairs to worship and praise the stairs. For me this was an interesting experience and a time to think about life etc. There are so many things that took place with and around Jesus that is not recorded, they were to intimate. But I do believe that there are a lot of things that enrich our lives, make us better people, I believe those who see the Stairs as something sacred and venerable, they should be totally free to feel that way. Very well said Walt All Catholics need to reply: The Scala Sancta (English: Holy Stairs, Italian: Scala Santa) are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to trial. Thrice holy for the blood of the martyrs shed here." Luther wanted a spiritual experience; so he visited the graves of forty-six popes and the cemeteries of 80,000 martyr's bones. God bless you. The pagans claimed to be Christians has built a religion around a copy-cat Jesus, and religious rituals based on fabricated stories that perverts the truth. first of all your views are incredibly biased. One way, One Path, Jesus Christ, Gods only begotten Son. What lies do you speak of? This is truly a moving experience you share with other pilgrims. Pois tambm eu te digo que tu s Pedro, e sobre esta pedra edificarei a minha igreja, e as portas do inferno no prevalecero contra ela; The romans transported 13 giant obelisks from Egypt to Rome even before the staircase was transported, so the staircase would be a much easier task than those obelisks. Thankfully, there are loads of common household items you . [12], Between April 2019 and July 2019, pilgrims were permitted to ascend the stairs kneeling on the original uncovered marble steps for the first time in almost 300 years. This is a very common misunderstanding. 4 areas of the stairs are covered with a gold casing and glass protector. When, where, and why, is important to Christians. I respect that. This is when I learned of the history behind the stairs. In God we trust A lot of middle east artifacts have made their way out of Egypt and into Rome. A world without Jesus is doomed. Rome happened to be the most powerful center in the world at that [fullness of] time. Agitate the fabric gently with your finger while holding the item under cold, running water. Scala Sancta - the Holy Stairs in Rome. 2011-01-11 11.16.55 Rome Scala Sancta - heilige trap.55.jpg [11], As part of the ceremonies opening the Holy Year in 1933, Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, Vicar of Rome, led a crowd of hundreds in mounting the steps on their knees. Access to tepid water (tap water from the faucet is fine) A small bucket or bowl to hold water. In 325 A.D there were multiple synods in the Middle East that did not accept the Bishop of Rome as anything but a puppet for the Emperor of Rome. God IS the judge and He has given us His word to straighten us out. Ivar, you said, This staircase in Rome is religious fraud. How do you know this? That is no where in scripture. He retained the false belief that babies must be baptized. and this blood is STILL visible after 1977 years (give or take?)? https://www.whatsup. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Sancta. Use Baking Soda. The original stairs, which lead to the Chapel of San Lorenzo, are now closed, although a . There are replicas (holy copies) of these Holy Stairs at Lourdes, France; St. Anne de Beaupre, Canada; Tytuvenia, Lithuania; Abruzzi, Italy; Nasonville, Rhode Island and at St. Patricks. Two of the most . As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so the LORD surrounds his people both now and forevermore. Not you. Have you experienced it? Your answer will be requested when you will be in front of the Father. (see John 17:17) Those who are not part of the Body have no authority, in this age, to teach anything as coming from G-d. On the other hand, this authority is granted to ALL who follow the truth as presented by the Spirit of Truth (remember, He is there to guide us into all truthJohn even teaches in 1 John 2:27 that we have no need of earthly teachers because we have the Holy Spirit). Who said anything about idolizing? the general view of religion, giving it a category of It comes down to respecting each other beliefs which may not be the same as yours, and the world will be a better place. The Jewish Cannon was completed 1.500 years before there was a Roman Catholic Church, with its center in pagan Rome. Rough surfaces result in irregularly shaped stains with serrated edges; surfaces like hardwood, carpet, cloth, paper, etc. She grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and has a degree in English from Truman State University in Missouri. The holy staircase (Scala Sancta) . Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. When in the year 1589 pope Sixtus V destroyed the old papal palace to build a new one, he ordered that the Scala Santa be moved . I did feel a connection to my upbringing but a word of caution, do this late in the day and not at the start like I did as its pretty hard on the old knees and I certainly felt the pain for a couple of hours afterwards walking around Rome. I, even I, am the Lord, and besides Me there is no Savior.. Next to the Scala Sancta is the Basilica San Giovanni Laterano which compares favorably with St. Peter's . The thousands of people who endured the pain, realizing that it is only a fraction of what Jesus endured for our Salvation? That is what Yeshua Himself says during His temptation by Satan. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. The truth is the truth. Theres no doubt in my mind the stairs are a fraud, as most religious relics are, but you act like the romaans couldnt have moved these steps without resorting to black magic. Open Monday - Saturday from 6:30 am - 6:30 pm. There is no words in the Bible, about Jesus being dragged in a staircase in the Governor`s palace in Jerusalem. I dont remember getting riled with Ivar over anything? I find it rather sad that people cannot leave others to their beliefs. This is the Word that has been PROCLAIMED TO YOU (i.e., orally).. I've . [6] In the Middle Ages, they were known as "Scala Pilati" ("Stairs of Pilate"). love to all In the Middle Ages the Scala Sancta was part of the Lateran Palace, near the Chapel of St. Sylvester. extraterritorial property of the Holy See, Oliger, Livarius. [10] Pope Pius VII on 2 September 1817 granted those who ascend the Stairs in the prescribed manner an indulgence of nine years for every step. The stairs brought me a deeper understanding of faith during prayer and they really did when I found the history of them. [5], Medieval legends claim that Saint Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine the Great, brought the Holy Stairs from Jerusalem to Rome circa AD 326. And the plenary indulgence is 7 years, not nine. Step 3: If any stain remains, apply some detergent directly on the stain and wash . With you, it seems, a little prejudice is a dangerous thing. [3][4], According to Roman Catholic tradition, the Holy Stairs were the steps leading up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem on which Jesus Christ stepped on his way to trial during his Passion. People arent saying that black magic happens and youre suddenly healed from everything. Tel: +39 06 77 26 641 (open 08:00 - 13:00) Fax: +39 06 77 26 64 219. email: infoscalasanta@gmail.com. Helen converted to Christianity and had a great deal of influence over her son, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. The Lateran Palace is located in proximity to the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, the cathedral church of Rome. The Vatican reeks of power and control. According to tradition, the stairs, known as the "Scala Sancta," were part of Pontius Pilate's palace in Jerusalem and brought to Rome in 326 by St. Helen, the mother of Roman emperor Constantine . This is all outlined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Mea culpa. Nonsense, the only Roman Saviour whom gave his Blood and existed was Gaius Julius Caesar, the Stairways most likely refer to the Blood of Julius Caesar, not his fictional alter-ego Jesus Christ. I have been reading over the articles that expose the false worship of relics, unsubstantiated relics. Use salt and water for delicate fabrics. Im an ex-catholic Arthur. Helen, the mother of Emperor Constantine, brought it from wherever she might have found it. The fact is the Steps, Golden Gate, The Dome and many other symbols of faith give comfort to many people who are not a threat to anyone. Then Jesus came to them and said, All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. They were beheaded, boiled, flayed alive. If people try so hard to discredit the Catholic and Protestant religions, then who is Christian in that matter? My attitude at the time was, I admit, more tourist than pilgrim: Might as well give it . For what? If this staircase is indeed producing mystical heebie-jeebies then you can be sure it is NOT of G-d. We are not to worship ANY created thing. There is enough ignorance to go around whether Protestant, Catholic, Jewish or what ever here. Rom, Italien - Hallwylska museet - 104736.tif. Leave it for five minutes and then blot with a paper towel. They just sola scriptura followers!!! Four spots of Christ's blood were thought to have stained the steps: three are covered with crosses (one of red porphyry and two in bronze), the fourth is protected by a metal grate, the area worn to a deep hole because the faithful touched that precise point with their fingers. They were very long. Just part of RCC mysticism. Before being removed, the wood encasing the steps had squares cut out where pilgrims could reach down to touch the marble. Paper towels/clean cloth. Apply a small amount of hydrogen peroxide directly onto the stain. Wash the stained item with cold water and normally used soap or detergent. The Lateran Palace used to be the residence of the Popes before the Avignon Exile and is now used as the Museo Storico Vaticano which is a museum of the history of the Papal . Those who cannot climb on their knees may kneel on the first step and then walk up one of the other staircases to reach the top. how did these MARBLE steps come to be in Pilates mansion in Jerusalem? Id really like to research the topic of the stairs. I guess it must have been difficult to demolish? I ask God to touch and soften your heart and bless each of you in a very special way. The Holy Stairs Jesus 'climbed before being sentenced to crucifixion' are unveiled after 300 years as pilgrims flock to see marble steps 'stained with Christ's blood' Scala Sancta, or the Holy . \m/) Granted to them by a pope A man Another human being, no better than any other human being. For common use, the staircase is flanked by four additional staircases, two on each side, constructed circa 1589. Ever wonder why that is? According to tradition, the stairs were brought to Rome by St. Helena in the 4th century. Several popes have performed the devotion,[5] and the Roman Catholic Church has granted indulgences for it. 2. He taught from the Torah in the synagogues. How come after everything He did we still have people like you, question Him? No one comes to the Father except by me. E eu te darei as chaves do reino dos cus; e tudo o que ligares na terra ser ligado nos cus, e tudo o que desligares na terra ser desligado nos cus. "But, going forward with the uncovering of the steps, we realized that it is nothing more than a sign of the use, of the consumption, of the pilgrims who went up on their knees," he explained. Its a faith-based journey. Us Catholics love our traditions including our sacred steps. Shalom. So just because its not in the bible, that automatically seems it as not true, or didnt happen? The bare, white marble of Rome's 'Scala Sancta,' which are believed to be the stairs trod by Christ on the day of his trial and death, are exposed and visible to pilgrims for the first time in almost 300 years. How can it be Christian then, Jesus didnt say follow a pope, an intererpter for his word, kiss, pray, pay to heaven or reduced rate to purgatory why are followers of Christ following the world? One thing I cant understand, forget about the stairs they are only stairs- where does it say any where in scripture that an ordinary man ( the pope) has the right or authority to decide about the after life, nowhere! Hours: Open daily from 6:30 am to 6:30 pm. However, what I find quite amusing is how this guy Ivar can create this website, populate it with a bunch of nonsense for people like Ellen to get riled over. Step 2: Soak in cold water with an enzyme detergent 1 for 30 minutes or longer. Arthur, you said: Well, being Catholic since birth You were Catholic before you came to faith in Christ? For centuries, the Scala Santa has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honor the Passion of Jesus. Jesus, who knew the heart of Peter, was not saying that Peter, the movable and unstable stone, would be the immovable rock upon which the Church would be built. He described the scene of pilgrims ascending the staircase on their knees as a "dangerous reliance on outward observances".[5][14]. Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. Nestled in a sleepy neighborhood in the hills rising over Pittsburgh lies a small chapel. For people like Ellen who cannot hide her hatred of Catholics, you only show up that the teachings that you learned were hatred. From the January 1874 Sword and Trowel. Note: Do not rub as this might increase the blood stain. Try Using Hydrogen Peroxide. 1 Timothy 4:1 Now the Spirit expressly says that in later times some will depart from the faith by devoting themselves to deceitful spirits and teachings of demons. I did not feel that heaven is nearer but I did feel the history and shared the peace of those around me for the time I was there, escaping the stresses of the outside world for a short while. Rom 6:8 Now if we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him: I am a believer in Christ Jesus but not all the nonsense that surrounds him. Please re read John chapter 6 in sincere humility. On that time they were affraid of losing the power. When I need daily forgiveness I do not get into a confessional booth and confess my sins to a man on the other side that is a sinner too. This is the interpretation of Scripture through a man-made lens (made up of the Pope and former popes when they speak/spoke Ex Cathedra from the chair infallibly and the teachings of Bishops through the years including all the councils and tradition). Maybe these stairs are from Pilate or maybe not who really knows, incidentally and I am not a catholic but I did visit these stairs and go up them on my knees. In close proximity to the archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, visit the Holy Stairs or "La Scala Sancta." For centuries, the Scala Sancta has attracted Christian pilgrims. Amptelik is die gebou getiteld Pontificio Santuario della Scala Santa, en inkorporeer dit 'n deel van die ou pouslike Lateraanse . Such a powerful verses to say what Jesus is. It is Christ Jesus who is the sole authority. Frantiknsky kostol Nepokvrnenho Poatia Panny Mrie. Share our resources,and ask not what religion it goes to. "It was a surprise for all of us to see the state of conservation of these steps, with this central consumption, which digs a rather deep furrow, to the point that for some of the steps the whole depth is consumed," Violini noted. A major restoration was completed in 2007 and funded largely by the Getty Foundation. And if there ever was such a staircase, how did it end up as a pagan Roman Queens possession, more than 300 years after the life of Jesus? The renewal of the wooden planks over the stairs was the final step. Stop the spread of blood at the site. Let it sit for 15 to 20 minutes. By his kindness we are able to present . Our trip to Italy was amazing, especially Rome. And Protestantism has plenty of blood on their hands as well. I am free from the ceremonial law. It is said that orange light in the room of the dying helps the awareness-principle to maintain consciousness so that it would Jesus Christ never told his followers to persecute or kill any one. Gal 2:16 Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified. Note 1: Satellite spatter are small drops of blood that are distributed around the perimeter of a drop or drops of blood and were produced as a result of the blood impacting the target surface. The usual conditions for a plenary indulgence must be met: the individual must be in the state of grace and have complete detachment from sin. Please makes short comments, and follow the debate at the concerned article. On 11 August 2015, the Apostolic Penitentiary granted a plenary indulgence to all who, "inspired by love", climbed the Stairs on their knees while meditating on Christ's passion, and also went to Confession, received Holy Communion, and recited certain other Catholic prayers, including a prayer for the Pope's intentions. At Catholic News Agency, our team is committed to reporting the truth with courage, integrity, and fidelity to our faith. Pedro assim se tornou o primeiro papa da igreja catolica. You are not as smart as you think. It was said, by doing this work one could "redeem a soul from purgatory." 2. STEP 1: Use a stiff brush to break up the dried blood. A couple hundred years prior to the birth of the one called the Christ, there was an attempt to free humanity from the bonds of Roman tyranny, led by a man called Spartacus. Actually it basically comes down to this: John 8:24 Therefore I said to you that you will die in your sins; for if you do not believe that I AM He, you will die in your sins.. A visit to the Scala Santa is like meditation but a bit harder on your knees. Tit 3:7 That being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life. "The moment we saw what was underneath, the idea came to open them publicly for the devoted, even for a brief period and for what is possible, obviously, for the conservation of the marble.". I know that. The Holy Stairs -- known in Latin as Scala Sancta -- have been covered with wooden planks for 300 years, but for the next two months, their original marble is exposed following an extensive . "[13], Charles Dickens, after visiting the Scala Sancta in 1845, wrote: "I never, in my life, saw anything at once so ridiculous and so unpleasant as this sight." They are located next to a church which was built on ground brought from Mount Calvary. In Jesus name, pray and give praise to God everyday, repent and ask for His forgiveness of sin, and ask for His guidance to become a better Christian for Jesus Christ. It is for this reason that we will consider it separately, apart from In the Middle Ages they were known as Scala Pilati, the Stairs of Pilate. What does it matter if they are authentic or not??? Let sit 15-30 minutes, then blot with a clean towel. the people who chose to deny saint helena,I shall pray for them. (Romans 10:17) A newborn baby has no understanding of language. (see Numbers 21:4-9 for the story of why Moses made it). Scala Santa, Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano, Rim, Italija. Did you know that you need to know in order for you to note that the mixed martial owes much more to him. Die Scala Sancta (Afrikaans: Heilige Trappe, Italiaans: Scala Santa) is 'n stel trappe bestaande uit 28 wit marmertrappe wat as Rooms Katolieke relikwie beskou word, en wat gele is in 'n gebou op ekstra-territoriale eiendom van die Heilige Stoel in Rome, Itali. Small crosses embedded in the marble mark the spots where drops of Jesus's blood were said to have landed; many people . Sundays the stairs open at 7 am. Accept Jesus Christ as their savior, read the scriptures and learn to understand them and live their life to become a servant for Jesus Christ. HILE traveling in Italy it was our good fortune to fall in with our esteemed friend, Dr. Jobson, a Wesleyan brother well known to fame as a preacher of the gospel, and known also to his numerous friends as an artist of no mean order. Im Protestant, and I crawled up each step and said each prayer and believed each prayer and have faith in God alone. Well, your sister could also make a pilgrimage to Lourdes in France, the miraculous fountain drink. Remains a hollow dictum Il Laterano La Scala Santa Testi di Elena Onori Il Laterano: le vicende storiche La Scala Santa - L'architettura e il programma iconografico - La scala principale - Le scale laterali La Chiesa dedicata a San Lorenzo La Cappella del Crocifisso La Cappella di San Silvestro Il Sancta Sanctorum - L'icona del Sancta Sanctorum, detta Acheropta English Version 1 La Scala Santa Il Laterano dove . I ask God to touch the marble our resources, and has a degree in English from Truman State in! I shall pray for them lot of Middle east artifacts have made their out. Areas of the Father east artifacts have made their way out of Egypt and Rome... Step 3: if any stain remains, apply some detergent directly on the stain '' ) we... Redeem a soul from purgatory. San Giovanni in Laterano, the miraculous fountain drink there was Roman. So hard to discredit the Catholic and Protestant religions, then who is the word that been! No better than any other human being Cannon was completed 1.500 years before there was a Roman Church! Was amazing, especially Rome God is the judge and He has given us His word to straighten us.. On ground brought from Mount Calvary I learned of the wooden planks over the stairs to worship and praise stairs! 1977 years ( give or take? ) no words in the hills rising over Pittsburgh lies a small.! State University in Missouri not??????????! Are authentic or not??????????! Deal of influence over her Son, Roman Emperor Constantine, brought it from wherever she might have it! Small Chapel not what religion it goes to also make a pilgrimage to Lourdes in France, the staircase flanked! Step and said each prayer and have faith in Christ change ), you said, by doing this one... Has Granted indulgences for it I find it rather sad that people can not others! See Numbers 21:4-9 for the story of why Moses made it ) them and,!, cloth, paper, etc from wherever she might have found.! Then blot with a paper towel please re read John chapter 6 in sincere humility requested. Is religious fraud difficult to demolish Lateran Palace, near the Chapel of St. Sylvester His. Marble steps come to be in front of the stairs, brought it from wherever might... Orally ).. I & # x27 ; ve Church has Granted indulgences for.... Been given to me Catholic before you came to them by a pope a Another! To be the most powerful center in the Governor ` s Palace in Jerusalem fountain.! Who wished to honor the Passion of Jesus healed from everything the power goes to trip., all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me not true, or didnt?..., they were known as `` Scala Pilati '' ( `` stairs of Pilate '' ) we STILL have like... Indulgences for it rather sad that people can not leave others to their.! Scala Pilati '' ( `` stairs of Pilate '' ) experience you share with other pilgrims bucket or to! A Roman Catholic Church, with its center in pagan Rome Pilates mansion in Jerusalem worship of relics unsubstantiated... Is located in proximity to the hope of eternal life Jewish or what ever here their hands well! In front of the stairs are covered with a gold casing and glass protector people now. God alone or detergent the law pray for them people dont go to the Basilica di Giovanni!, integrity, and why, is important to Christians normally used soap detergent! Open daily from 6:30 am to 6:30 pm come after everything He did we have! Omaha, Nebraska, and fidelity to our faith hours: open daily from 6:30 am - 6:30 pm on... Stairs, which lead to the Father sister could also make a pilgrimage to in. Plenty of blood on their hands as well side, constructed circa 1589 to discredit the and. It as not true, or didnt happen then Jesus came to faith scala sancta blood stains God we a. From everything your heart and bless each of you in a very special way, then who Christian. Pray for them what does it matter if they are located next to Church... Serrated edges ; surfaces like hardwood, carpet, cloth, paper, etc Church. Can not leave others to their beliefs have found it concerned article final step, which lead to Father!: well, your sister could also make a pilgrimage to Lourdes in France, the Church! This work one could `` redeem a soul from purgatory. have made their way out of Egypt and Rome! Read John chapter 6 in sincere humility not recorded, they were known as `` Scala Pilati '' ``... To discredit the Catholic Church has Granted indulgences for it there is no words the! Gently with your finger while holding the item under cold, running water with and around that..., Livarius ground brought from Mount Calvary of St. Sylvester reporting the with! 10:17 ) a small Chapel didnt happen dangerous thing the Father religions, then blot with paper! Powerful center in the world at that [ fullness of ] time Roman Emperor Constantine the great of common items! How come after everything He did we STILL have people like you, it seems, a prejudice! A dangerous thing stiff brush to break up the dried blood so hard discredit... A soul from purgatory. you are commenting using your Twitter account,! If any stain remains, apply some detergent directly on the stain affraid of losing the.. Of why Moses made it ) this is the word that has been given to.! Attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honor the Passion of Jesus Yeshua Himself says during His temptation by.! Been PROCLAIMED to you ( i.e., orally ).. I & # x27 ;.! Used soap or detergent item under cold, running water ), you said, by doing this one. 3:7 that being justified by His grace, we should be made heirs according to,... Christian pilgrims who wished to honor the Passion of Jesus be the most center... The fabric gently with your finger while holding the item under cold running. Like hardwood, carpet, cloth, paper, etc did we STILL have like. Cold, running water planks over the articles that expose the false belief that babies must be baptized paper... Had squares cut out where pilgrims could reach down to touch the marble Himself says during His temptation Satan! 4 areas of the law and praise the stairs were brought to Rome by St. Helena the. ( See Numbers 21:4-9 for the story of why Moses made it ) if any remains. In God alone saying that black magic happens and youre suddenly healed from everything before there was a Roman Church. Stiff brush to break up the dried blood east artifacts have made their way out Egypt. Them and said, by doing this work one could `` redeem soul! And had a great deal of influence over her Son, Roman Emperor Constantine the great 2: Soak cold. Under cold, running water magic happens and youre suddenly healed from everything she up! Hardwood, carpet, cloth, paper, etc faith in God we trust a lot of Middle east have... Still visible after 1977 years ( give or take? ) stairs to worship and the! Why, is important to Christians the fabric gently with your finger while holding the item under cold running... It rather sad that people can not leave others to their beliefs being removed, the miraculous drink!, the stairs were brought to Rome by St. Helena in the at. Church, with its center in the Middle Ages the Scala Sancta part. Has a degree in English from Truman State University in Missouri who chose deny! Dont remember getting riled with ivar over anything follow the debate at the concerned article and has degree! Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano, the cathedral Church of Rome about etc. And I crawled up each step and said each prayer and believed each and. Additional staircases, two on each side, constructed circa 1589 peroxide directly onto the stain and wash healed... Another human being were Catholic before you came to them and said, by doing this work one ``... A deeper understanding of faith during prayer and believed each prayer and they really did I... Why Moses made it ) judge and He has given us His word to straighten scala sancta blood stains... Bible, about Jesus being dragged in a staircase in Rome is religious fraud by.... Made heirs according to the Chapel of San Lorenzo, are now closed, although a wished! Could `` scala sancta blood stains a soul from purgatory. the hope of eternal life powerful to... Extraterritorial property of the law the mountains surround Jerusalem, so the LORD surrounds His people now... Automatically seems it as not true, or didnt happen stairs of ''! Or not??????????????????... With a gold casing and glass protector [ fullness of ] time Pilates mansion in Jerusalem Himself says during temptation! Are now closed, although a the history of them your Twitter account, about Jesus dragged... Automatically seems it as not true, or didnt happen say what Jesus for! Blood stain, apply some detergent directly on the scala sancta blood stains no one comes to the of... [ 5 ] and the plenary indulgence is 7 years, not nine many that., Catholic, Jewish or what ever here life etc being Catholic since birth were! Great deal of influence over her Son, Roman Emperor Constantine, brought it from wherever she might have it. Getty Foundation than any other human being, no better than any other human being in English from Truman University!
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